浪漫主义文学(美国浪漫主义文学–华盛顿·欧文 1783-1859)

浪漫主义文学
浪漫主义文学
Part II The Literature of Romanticism 
浪漫主义文学

1. 1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7 President of the United States had brought an effective end to the "Virginia Dynasty" of American Presidents.1861 年开始 Civil War.

2. 美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡 the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.

3. 这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双理影响 The attitudes of America's writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.

4.浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源 moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man's societies a source of corruption.

6. 超验主义(1830s-the Civil War)：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.

7. 美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式 novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America's principal literary forms.

8. From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰 was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.

一、Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文 1783-1859

1. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格 was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar stylc.
 
2. 他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格 he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle,his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐 he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.

3.1819-1820他第一部《见闻记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国 his “Sketch Book" appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
 
4.19岁发表《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺“Jonathan Oldstyle", satires of New York lif.

5. 1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在关洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York”by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.

6.1822年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”.
 
7.1824年《旅行者故事》，带有德国浪漫主义风格“ Tales of Traveller” has the flavor of the German romanticism.
 
8.同美国剧作家及演员约翰·佩恩创作著名社会喜剧《查理二世》(又叫《快乐君主》) in Paris he with John Howard
Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy "Charles the Second" or "The Merry Monarch".

9.1828《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus"；

10. 1829《格拉纳达征服编年史》“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”；

11.1831《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》“Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”.
1832《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”；1832年《西班牙征服传说》收录在1835年《见闻札记》中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain"(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).

12. 陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，1835《草原游记》；1836《阿斯托里亚》：1837《博纳维尔船长历险记》， westerm adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”;"Astoria”and "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”.

13. 1840《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》“Life of Oliver Goldsmith"；
1855-1859《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”.

14. 教材作品：
《作者自叙》：“The Author's Account of Himself";
《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
 

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